Introduction – Create a Bright Feeling With Your Lighting Design
Create unforgettable designs for your clients. This guide breaks down how to create a bright lighting for your project, through practical strategies for architects and interior designers. Let’s get started …
Table of Contents
Bright Vibe
Bright Lighting Layout
Bright Lighting Calculation
Bright Lighting – Project Example
What to Look For In a Quality Light
Color Rendering Index
Dimmer Compatibility
Why Is It Important to Do A Lighting Calculation?
Works Cited
Create a Feeling With Light: Bright Vibe
VIBE: Clean, expansive, ordered.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be aimed at the walls, to make the space “feel” bright.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones. Matte finishes are recommended because they will appear brighter than finishes which are glossy.
Creating a Bright Lighting Layout
It’s boring. It’s predictable. And I love it. Make it BRIGHT! I use this vibe on virtually every project I work on because it’s a crowd pleaser.
Of course you want your spaces to FEEL bright, and the key here is to focus light on vertical surfaces. You need to get light onto the walls, cabinets, and artwork to make a space feel bright.
Shocker installing a whole bunch of recessed cans is NOT going to make your room feel bright, because those cans are pointed downward at the floor. If your floor is white, then you get a free pass, but for everyone else, you’re throwing money away when you point lights at dark surfaces, like … floors.
If you’re drawing a grid of recessed cans for your lighting plan, PLEASE make some of those adjustable lights that can be aimed at walls. Your eyes will thank you. Check out our template to get started.
How Many Lights for a Bright Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our bright lighting estimator here.
What to Look for in a Quality LED Light – Bright Vibe
Regardless of the vibe you are going for, there are two things that can trip up designers when they are selecting LED lighting:
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
If you only remember one thing from me, please remember that color rendering is EVERYTHING when it comes to lighting. If you love incandescent and halogen lights, but hate fluorescent, then color rendering is the reason.
We always want to find lights that have a color rendering (CRI) of at least 90, so that we can bring out the true color of our room finishes and decor. Many LED lights have a color rendering of 80, and this score is actually worse than fluorescent (which has a score of 82). As you can see in the image below, the true color of the wood is brought out with the light on the right, which has a score of 90. The red tones of the wood come through and it feels warm. In contrast, the light on the left makes the wood look a bit greenish and yellow, because it has a poor color rendering score of 80.
Trust me! It’s worth it to spend just a little bit more on lights to make sure that you’re getting LEDs with a score of 90 or higher, so that the people and finishes in your spaces feel vibrant and full of life. Make sure to pay attention to this when you find a light you like and you’re ready to hit that “order” button.
DIMMER COMPATIBILITY
Lastly, make sure that the LEDs you select are dimmable. This is something you need to check in the product cut sheet or through the web store that you are browsing.
Also, you’ll need to make sure that the dimmer you select will be compatible with the LED light fixture. In the past, we could easily dim incandescent and halogen lighting with a simple rotary dimmer. This may or may not work for a new LED light fixture.
You wouldn’t expect your television remote to be able to turn on your stereo system, would you? The same is true for LED dimmers. You have to make sure that the dimmer switch can actually communicate with the light fixture.
There’s a variety of dimming protocols: it may be TRIAC, Electronic Low Voltage (ELV), 0-10 Volt, or DALI. So make sure to work with your electrician or a sales representative to make sure that the components of your lighting design are all compatible.
Why it is Important to do a Lighting Calculation for a Bright Vibe?
If you want to be confident in your lighting design, you have to do a lighting calculation. It’s as simple as that.
But how do we actually estimate how bright a room actually needs to be? Well, the footcandle targets for a room are set by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD). This professional organization has studied and analyzed the functional requirements for each kind of space designed by architects. For residential projects, I like to refer back to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory & Department of Energy’s footcandle targets, since those are made freely available to the public. These are the targets I use for my own projects, and are the basis for the lighting estimator on this webpage.
You don’t want to have too little light. It’s expensive for a contractor and electrician to come back after the fact to revise the lighting strategy and patch the walls/ceiling. This happened to an interior designer early in my career, and it wasn’t a fun situation. For me, it was the beginning of a great collaboration with this design professional, because we worked on many projects after that – but of course it would have been better if this interior designer hadn’t made that mistake to begin with.
Likewise, you also don’t want to be too bright, and overspend on lighting, just because you’re unsure what is needed and just hoping for the best (yikes!).
This is fundamentally why I created lighting estimators – to balance making sure there’s enough light, while also making sure a client isn’t paying for too many lights. Hopefully using the calculator was straightforward. Reach out with questions (before buying/building anything), if you’d like help! Good luck on your project!
The author emphasizes the necessity of conducting lighting calculations to ensure effective lighting design in various spaces. He cites the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) for their established footcandle targets that help determine appropriate lighting levels. Duncan also mentions the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Department of Energy’s publicly available footcandle targets, which he uses for residential projects. He shares a personal anecdote about the complications that arise from inadequate lighting, stressing the importance of precise calculations to avoid costly adjustments and excessive spending. The lighting estimator featured on his webpage is designed to assist clients in achieving optimal lighting without overspending.
Introduction – Create Cinematic Lighting With Your Design
Create unforgettable designs for your clients. This guide breaks down how to create cinematic lighting for your project, through practical strategies for architects and interior designers. Let’s get started …
Table of Contents
Cinematic Vibe
Cinematic Lighting Layout
Cinematic Lighting Calculation
Cinematic Lighting – Project Example
What to Look For In a Quality Light
Color Rendering Index
Dimmer Compatibility
Why Is It Important to Do A Lighting Calculation?
Works Cited
Create a Feeling With Light: Cinematic Vibe
VIBE: Warm, magical, energized.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be directed toward the walls & ceiling.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be medium to dark tones, with matte/satin finishes.
Creating a Cinematic Lighting Layout
Life as a movie?… You know how you wish your life was a movie? No…? Just me?
I can’t help but analyze the lighting that we see in movies and television. How did they create that mood? And if they can create a feeling on a movie set then WHY can’t we do that when we design architecture?
I first started experimenting with a cinematic vibe on a project in the San Juan Islands in Washington State. It was a beachfront property, absolutely stunning sunsets, and an interior designer with a grand vision (Miller Interior Design out of Seattle).
The key to pulling off this look is to balance the light, with some lighting directed upward, and some directed downward. Some of the finishes should be textured/matte so that they “catch” the light and create that dreamy feel. Happy designing! Now pass me the popcorn.
How Many Lights for a Cinematic Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our cinematic lighting estimator here.
What to Look for in a Quality LED Light – Cinematic Vibe
Regardless of the vibe you are going for, there are two things that can trip up designers when they are selecting LED lighting:
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
If you only remember one thing from me, please remember that color rendering is EVERYTHING when it comes to lighting. If you love incandescent and halogen lights, but hate fluorescent, then color rendering is the reason.
We always want to find lights that have a color rendering (CRI) of at least 90, so that we can bring out the true color of our room finishes and decor. Many LED lights have a color rendering of 80, and this score is actually worse than fluorescent (which has a score of 82). As you can see in the image below, the true color of the wood is brought out with the light on the right, which has a score of 90. The red tones of the wood come through and it feels warm. In contrast, the light on the left makes the wood look a bit greenish and yellow, because it has a poor color rendering score of 80.
Trust me! It’s worth it to spend just a little bit more on lights to make sure that you’re getting LEDs with a score of 90 or higher, so that the people and finishes in your spaces feel vibrant and full of life. Make sure to pay attention to this when you find a light you like and you’re ready to hit that “order” button.
DIMMER COMPATIBILITY
Lastly, make sure that the LEDs you select are dimmable. This is something you need to check in the product cut sheet or through the web store that you are browsing.
Also, you’ll need to make sure that the dimmer you select will be compatible with the LED light fixture. In the past, we could easily dim incandescent and halogen lighting with a simple rotary dimmer. This may or may not work for a new LED light fixture.
You wouldn’t expect your television remote to be able to turn on your stereo system, would you? The same is true for LED dimmers. You have to make sure that the dimmer switch can actually communicate with the light fixture.
There’s a variety of dimming protocols: it may be TRIAC, Electronic Low Voltage (ELV), 0-10 Volt, or DALI. So make sure to work with your electrician or a sales representative to make sure that the components of your lighting design are all compatible.
Why it is Important to do a Lighting Calculation for a Cinematic Vibe?
If you want to be confident in your lighting design, you have to do a lighting calculation. It’s as simple as that.
But how do we actually estimate how bright a room actually needs to be? Well, the footcandle targets for a room are set by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD). This professional organization has studied and analyzed the functional requirements for each kind of space designed by architects. For residential projects, I like to refer back to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory & Department of Energy’s footcandle targets, since those are made freely available to the public. These are the targets I use for my own projects, and are the basis for the lighting estimator on this webpage.
You don’t want to have too little light. It’s expensive for a contractor and electrician to come back after the fact to revise the lighting strategy and patch the walls/ceiling. This happened to an interior designer early in my career, and it wasn’t a fun situation. For me, it was the beginning of a great collaboration with this design professional, because we worked on many projects after that – but of course it would have been better if this interior designer hadn’t made that mistake to begin with.
Likewise, you also don’t want to be too bright, and overspend on lighting, just because you’re unsure what is needed and just hoping for the best (yikes!).
This is fundamentally why I created lighting estimators – to balance making sure there’s enough light, while also making sure a client isn’t paying for too many lights. Hopefully using the calculator was straightforward. Reach out with questions (before buying/building anything), if you’d like help! Good luck on your project!
The author emphasizes the necessity of conducting lighting calculations to ensure effective lighting design in various spaces. He cites the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) for their established footcandle targets that help determine appropriate lighting levels. Duncan also mentions the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Department of Energy’s publicly available footcandle targets, which he uses for residential projects. He shares a personal anecdote about the complications that arise from inadequate lighting, stressing the importance of precise calculations to avoid costly adjustments and excessive spending. The lighting estimator featured on his webpage is designed to assist clients in achieving optimal lighting without overspending.
Introduction – Create a Feeling With Your Lighting Design
Explore how lighting shapes our environments and enhances our experiences. This guide unveils 18 distinct lighting vibes—from cinematic to lantern—each designed to evoke specific feelings and atmospheres in your space. This comprehensive guide provides practical strategies for architects and interior designers to create a feeling with light. Let’s jump in…
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be directed toward the walls & ceiling.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be medium to dark tones, with matte/satin finishes.
Creating a Cinematic Lighting Layout
Life as a movie?… You know how you wish your life was a movie? No…? Just me?
I can’t help but analyze the lighting that we see in movies and television. How did they create that mood? And if they can create a feeling on a movie set then WHY can’t we do that when we design architecture?
I first started experimenting with a cinematic vibe on a project in the San Juan Islands in Washington State. It was a beachfront property, absolutely stunning sunsets, and an interior designer with a grand vision (Miller Interior Design out of Seattle).
The key to pulling off this look is to balance the light, with some lighting directed upward, and some directed downward. Some of the finishes should be textured/matte so that they “catch” the light and create that dreamy feel. Happy designing! Now pass me the popcorn.
How Many Lights for a Cinematic Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our cinematic lighting estimator here.
Example Cinematic Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Bright Vibe
VIBE: Clean, expansive, ordered.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be aimed at the walls, to make the space “feel” bright.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones. Matte finishes are recommended because they will appear brighter than finishes which are glossy.
Creating a Bright Lighting Layout
It’s boring. It’s predictable. And I love it. Make it BRIGHT! I use this vibe on virtually every project I work on because it’s a crowd pleaser.
Of course you want your spaces to FEEL bright, and the key here is to focus light on vertical surfaces. You need to get light onto the walls, cabinets, and artwork to make a space feel bright.
Shocker installing a whole bunch of recessed cans is NOT going to make your room feel bright, because those cans are pointed downward at the floor. If your floor is white, then you get a free pass, but for everyone else, you’re throwing money away when you point lights at dark surfaces, like … floors.
If you’re drawing a grid of recessed cans for your lighting plan, PLEASE make some of those adjustable lights that can be aimed at walls. Your eyes will thank you. Check out our template to get started.
How Many Lights for a Bright Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our bright lighting estimator here.
Example Bright Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Mysterious Vibe
VIBE: Captivating, artistic, subdued.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be directed at one wall of the room.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be medium to dark tones. A mixture of matte and glossy finishes is recommend to create texture and visual interest.
Creating a Mysterious Lighting Layout
You know how your heart kind of skips a beat if you’re checking someone out and then they catch you? Yeah, this lighting vibe has nothing to do with that. Well, maybe a little bit.
There’s something about that moment when you meet someone new. Maybe it’s at a bar or a coffee shop, and you just know that there’s something there and this could be the beginning of the next chapter of your life.
Today’s lighting vibe is a step toward bottling up that excitement and mystery. The key to executing a mysterious vibe, is to all of the lighting downward, with most of the lighting directed at one wall of the room.
This creates soft reflected light across most of a person’s face, as well as the furniture in the room. This also leaves some areas which are slightly darker, with some shadows for depth and visual interest.
How Many Lights for a Mysterious Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our mysterious lighting estimator here.
Example Mysterious Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Builder Grade Vibe
VIBE: Pragmatic, economical, quickship.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Create a uniform grid of downlights to evenly light living areas.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones. Floor should be medium to bright tones. Matte and semi-gloss finishes are recommended.
Creating a Builder Grade Lighting Layout
Leading with value… Every project I work on has “builder grade” elements to it, and that is what allows us to reallocate more budget to high impact areas like entertaining spaces and the primary bedroom suite, or reallocate money toward high end finishes and furniture instead. Not every space needs to have premium lighting, and that’s OK!
How Many Lights for a Builder Grade Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our builder grade lighting estimator here.
Example Builder Grade Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Forest Light Vibe
VIBE: Dappled, natural, connected.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: This scheme requires a balance of accent light and uplight, to create pockets of bright and dark at the ceiling and floor. Pendants with a patterned shade can also be used to create an organic pattern of bright light and dark shadow..
ROOM FINISHES: Medium tones are recommended, and wood treated with a semi-opaque stain (avoid glossy finishes).
Creating a Forest Lighting Layout
It was a once in a lifetime design opportunity… I’d been tasked with designing a new home, nestled into the woods, on an island just outside Seattle.
The property was sublime. I felt like I was on a camping trip, detached from reality, in tune with nature. There were so many sources of inspiration, but it was only after we went on a hike in the woods nearby that it all clicked for me.
Mist was coming up off of the ground, and streaks of dappled light streamed through the canopy of the trees, and in that moment I knew we wanted to recreate that feeling with the architecture. There’s a reason that people want to escape back to nature.
Architecture should be there to keep us safe and protected, while still reminding us that nature isn’t “out there”, it’s IN HERE.
How Many Lights for a Forest Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our forest lighting estimator here.
Example Forest Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Golden Hour Vibe
VIBE: Social, exciting, active.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light should be directed up at the ceiling, to create a mix of color like the sky. This can be complimented with adjustable task lighting to create long shadows to mimic golden hour lighting.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones. Ceiling must have a Level 5 matte finish.
Creating a Golden Hour Lighting Layout
Golden Hour… what if we could recreate that vibe in our designs? Growing up, I always dreamed of visiting California (which is apparently an unpopular opinion now??). I distinctly remember finally arriving at the ocean, and then walking down the boardwalk in Santa Cruz.
In that moment I decided I would one day live in California and that these pristine sunsets would be a regular part of my life. After a stint living in Seattle, my love (obsession?) for sunshine reached it’s peak.
Well I’ve been here in California for ten years now, and I never get tired of golden hour in the golden state. If I could bottle it up and take it with me back to Seattle, I would.
In the meantime, let’s design our buildings to feel more inspired by the (outside) world around us, you know … like a walk along the Santa Cruz Boardwalk. Hope this helps….
How Many Lights for a Golden Hour Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our golden hour lighting estimator here.
Example Golden Hour Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Grounded Vibe
VIBE: Steady, relaxed, protected.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Graze one of the walls with a bright light recessed into the ceiling.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls, ceilings, and floors should medium to dark tones, with finishes that are textured or matte.
Creating a Grounded Lighting Layout
I spent some of my teenage years living in St. George, Utah, a short drive from Zion National Park and Snow Canyon State park.
Needless to say I have a (un?)healthy obsession with slot canyons and the mesmerizing quality of the light in these cathedrals. It’s almost like Nature is a temple and hiking is actually a spiritual experience.
These are the kinds of grounded spaces that architects should aspire to create, where we’re just left in awe and reflection. It’s such a strong concept and I had to decode how to recreate this light quality.
I’ve designed dozens of homes in my career, but I still have this itch to go back to southern Utah and build a home inspired by this landscape of the Southwest.
Create a Feeling With Light: Twilight Vibe
VIBE: Surreal, calm, spiritual.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, the ceiling becomes a canvas for light, with a mixture of colored light mixing on the ceiling to hearken back to a sky.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings can be medium to bright tones, with matte finishes to create a soft/airy appearance.
Creating a Twilight Lighting Layout
A few years back, I scored big-time (no, not like that), and was given the opportunity to be Project Architect for a Nature Preserve in Sonoma County.
There were acres and acres of mountains and hiking trails, and my team was tasked with designing a home for the scientists who would visit from time to time to do research in the tops of the mountains. As we were close to the end of construction, I woke up to a text message from the Site Superintendent. . .
It was dawn at the jobsite and he couldn’t resist sending me a photo of the home – glowing in the landscape through the fog, and in that moment it was all worth it. The countless hours and weekends and sacrifices had become a physical reality (even if I’d have to settle for a digital photo of it for the time being).
A few months later there was ribbon cutting and cheers all around, and as the day turned to night I got to experience the magical moment of twilight for myself. It was one of those days that you don’t forget because the feeling is indelible. Sometimes lighting can help us “snap out of it” and remember moments like this.
Time to snap out of it, and be intentional with your lighting design! What if that fleeting moment of twilight, didn’t have to be…. fleeting?
Create a Feeling With Light: Urban Vibe
VIBE: Edgy, dramatic, driven.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, the majority of the light should come from a cool colored accent light, aimed at one wall. This can be balanced with warm decorative lighting. The result is artistic shadows of color, and a memorable vibe.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings can be medium to dark tones, with a mixture of polished and matte finishes.
Creating an Urban Lighting Layout
Feeling urban… I’ve always been drawn to cities. You can almost feel a vibration of all the people coming and going, driven by ambition, making their dreams a reality.
Sometimes the pace almost feels like a dream. I remember the first time I visited New York, watching the symphony of lights playing off of the canyons of building, like watercolor paint mixing on a canvas.
What if that symphony could be in your living room…at anytime?
Create a Feeling With Light: Stormy Vibe
VIBE: Dramatic, turbulent, contrast.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: The key to executing this look is balance, with some light aimed upward at the ceiling, and adjustable lighting grazing across wall surfaces to mimic sunrays.
ROOM FINISHES: Medium to bright finishes are recommended, with a flat/matte finish.
Creating a Stormy Lighting Layout
It was the first summer after I started high school… Utah is usually pretty dry, but this was the summer of thunderstorms.
Each afternoon I could actually watch the clouds in real time as they grew and billowed into towering monsters above the valley, until the inevitable and powerful release of a thunderstorm.
Then came the calm, as the sun peaked through the clouds for fleeting moments and time stood still. It’s human to crave times like this, and the best architecture embraces the transient and imperfect quality of light.
Create a Feeling With Light: Cozy & Relaxed Vibe
VIBE: Warm, peaceful, recharge.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be directed downward.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls, ceilings, and floors should be medium tones. Matte finishes are recommended to make space feel softer.
Creating a Cozy & Relaxed Lighting Layout
A few years back, I was brought in to “fix” the lighting for a beautiful home off of Lake Washington in Bellevue, Washington.
The home had wood ceilings and beams, and polished concrete floors, but the homeowner said it always felt dark and depressing. The vibe they wanted was RELAXED and soft.
The existing lighting was an eclectic hodgepodge of lights, that looked like they’d all been pulled from a clearance sales rack.
But the real issue was that there wasn’t any light directed at the walls and ceiling. No wonder everything felt dark and depressing! To achieve a soft, cozy, relaxed vibe we had to introduct additional light directed at soft surfaces like the wood ceiling, matte painted walls, and new area rugs.
We traded out the sea of “spotlights”, and we introduced new lighting to wash the walls and ceiling with light, so that most of the light was REFLECTED off of room was reflected light. WHERE you aim the light is just as important as HOW MUCH light there is. Hope this helps…
How Many Lights for a Cozy & Relaxed Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our cozy & relaxed lighting estimator here.
Example Relaxed Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Expansive & Grand
VIBE: Grand, visionary, satisfying.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to be directed up toward the ceiling and toward the walls.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones. Matte & semi-gloss finishes are recommended.
Creating an Expansive & Grand Lighting Layout
I feel…free.
It was the first thought that came to my mind as I stood at the edge of a mountaintop where we were going to design a home to replace the house that had burned down in the 2017 Tubbs fire.
That feeling of being able to reach out and touch the sky?… THAT is what I wanted it to home to feel like. Grand, expansive, and big… just like the surrounding landscape.
The key to pulling off this vibe is to use electric light (and daylight) to wash the ceiling and walls with light, so that when you’re in a room you feel the full dimension of the space.
Create a Feeling With Light: Ripple
VIBE: Magical, edgeless, mesmerizing.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, cool teal light is balanced with warm adjustable lights for dramatic effect. Sconces can be used to create a rippled light appearance.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be medium tones with a semi-gloss finish.
Creating a Ripple Lighting Layout
Online dating, but for real estate…
You know how some people just string along the person their dating and it never goes anywhere? Well! That also happens in the design world, and there’s a special place in hell for developers who do this.
Alright, storytime. A contractor put me in touch with a developer in Orange County who wanted to maximize the buildable area for a single family home lot. After a couple months of feasibility analysis, design, and marketing renderings, the developer ghosted me and the contractor without payment. Its a lesson every designer has to learn (or better yet, learn from others so that they don’t make the same mistake).
There IS one great thing that came out of that experience… well, two good things. I now get deposits before I start to design ANYTHING, and today’s lighting vibe is brought to you by that developer.
For that project we were organizing the home around a central courtyard with a pool, and one of the concepts we were working with was playing off of this mesmerizing ripple of light that would come off of the pool, and this is an effect you can also create with electric lighting. Check it out! 💡
And yeah, I’m totally over it. I’m fine. Don’t worry about me, really…
Create a Feeling With Light: Fashion Shoot Vibe
VIBE: Striking, main-character, confident.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, most of the light in this room needs to be aimed at one wall, and balanced with large pendant lights which act like a softbox for the most flattering lighting.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones with a matte finish. Drywall should have a Level 5 Finish.
Creating a Fashion Shoot Lighting Layout
I have a sneaking suspicion… that models aren’t actually as attractive as we think they are, and that actually, it’s just really REALLY good lighting.
Got light? Maybe instead of hitting the gym, you should just get better lighting.
Just kidding, do both and be unstoppable! Now hand me that box of donuts.
How Many Lights for a Fashion Shoot Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our fashion shoot lighting estimator here.
Example Fashion Shoot Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Powder Vibe
VIBE: Free, floating, fluid.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: Most of the light in this room needs to from adjustable downlights.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls, ceilings, and floors should be bright tones with matte finishes.
Creating a Powder Lighting Layout
Today we’re pulling lighting inspiration from the experience of skiing and snowboarding.
Although lighting is a key consideration for this look, the key to pulling of this vibe is to select finishes that are bright and matte.
Create a Feeling With Light: Sparkle
VIBE: Luxe, premium.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, the majority of the lighting should come from decorative pendant lights, with crystal, or soda bubble glass.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings can be medium to bright tones, with a mixture of matte and polished surfaces.
Creating a Sparkle Lighting Layout
Gold leaf… but drab?
I never would have thought that a ceiling gilded in gold leaf could look depressing and dark, but I stood corrected.
We were tasked with bringing the life back to a historic lobby in Baltimore. The answer was clear. Keep the beautiful gold ceiling, but introduce an element of sparkle and uplight to showcase this pristine ceiling.
Normally, I like to let the lighting be understated and let the architecture speak for itself, but this was a great example of when lighting needed to take the lead. And like this lobby, sometimes a living room design is begging for decorative, sparkling lights, that unapologetically say “I’m beautiful…look at me”.
How Many Lights for a Sparkle Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our sparkle lighting estimator here.
Example Sparkle Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Lantern Vibe
VIBE: On Display, showcase, art piece.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: In this scheme, the majority of the light should be aimed at walls without windows, paired with uplight to wash the ceiling with light. This will give people a silhouette appearance and make for a dramatic scene.
ROOM FINISHES: Walls and ceilings should be bright tones, with matte/flat finishes.
Creating a Lantern Lighting Layout
This never happens…
Ok so a couple years ago I was brought in to design the lighting for an 400 Unit college dorm, for graduate students at Princeton, and for one of the Community rooms, the interior design concept was “lantern”.
What!? This never happens, the interior design concept was actually centered around good lighting. Well, game on player! I’ve got this.
The key to executing this vibe is to uplight the ceiling, and light the back wall of the room, so that when viewed from outside, it feels like the room is glowing.
Remember, you don’t see light until it travels through the air and actually HITS something, so you have to think about directing the lighting towards walls and ceilings if you want to create that bright glowing Lantern effect.
How Many Lights for a Lantern Lighting Design?
To figure out how much illumination is needed for the whole room, we can do a quick calculation. It only takes a couple minutes. First follow the link to our lantern lighting estimator here.
Example Lantern Lighting Calculation
Create a Feeling With Light: Weightless & Floating Vibe
VIBE: Weightless, dramatic, magical.
LIGHTING STRATEGY: This scheme requires that most light is directed up toward the ceiling. Avoid directing light across the surface of columns and walls. To create the appearance of floating shelves, locate lighting between the shelf and the wall and aim the lighting back at the wall.
ROOM FINISHES: Medium to bright tones are recommended, with satin and matte finishes.
Creating a Floating Lighting Layout
An architect’s kryptonite…
A dramatic cantilever is an architect’s kryptonite. I’m always taken back when a seemingly heavy building seems to float over the landscape. Now the true heroes here are the structural engineers, but the reality is that lighting also plays a huge factor in whether a building feels like it is anchored or whether it is floating.
To achieve this “weightless” effect, you have to light the underside of a surface, and go out of your way NOT to light the vertical supports.
What to Look for in a Quality LED Light
Regardless of the vibe you are going for, there are two things that can trip up designers when they are selecting LED lighting:
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
If you only remember one thing from me, please remember that color rendering is EVERYTHING when it comes to lighting. If you love incandescent and halogen lights, but hate fluorescent, then color rendering is the reason.
We always want to find lights that have a color rendering (CRI) of at least 90, so that we can bring out the true color of our room finishes and decor. Many LED lights have a color rendering of 80, and this score is actually worse than fluorescent (which has a score of 82). As you can see in the image below, the true color of the wood is brought out with the light on the right, which has a score of 90. The red tones of the wood come through and it feels warm. In contrast, the light on the left makes the wood look a bit greenish and yellow, because it has a poor color rendering score of 80.
Trust me! It’s worth it to spend just a little bit more on lights to make sure that you’re getting LEDs with a score of 90 or higher, so that the people and finishes in your spaces feel vibrant and full of life. Make sure to pay attention to this when you find a light you like and you’re ready to hit that “order” button.
DIMMER COMPATIBILITY
Lastly, make sure that the LEDs you select are dimmable. This is something you need to check in the product cut sheet or through the web store that you are browsing.
Also, you’ll need to make sure that the dimmer you select will be compatible with the LED light fixture. In the past, we could easily dim incandescent and halogen lighting with a simple rotary dimmer. This may or may not work for a new LED light fixture.
You wouldn’t expect your television remote to be able to turn on your stereo system, would you? The same is true for LED dimmers. You have to make sure that the dimmer switch can actually communicate with the light fixture.
There’s a variety of dimming protocols: it may be TRIAC, Electronic Low Voltage (ELV), 0-10 Volt, or DALI. So make sure to work with your electrician or a sales representative to make sure that the components of your lighting design are all compatible.
Why it is Important to do a Lighting Calculation?
If you want to be confident in your lighting design, you have to do a lighting calculation. It’s as simple as that.
But how do we actually estimate how bright a room actually needs to be? Well, the footcandle targets for a room are set by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD). This professional organization has studied and analyzed the functional requirements for each kind of space designed by architects. For residential projects, I like to refer back to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory & Department of Energy’s footcandle targets, since those are made freely available to the public. These are the targets I use for my own projects, and are the basis for the lighting estimator on this webpage.
You don’t want to have too little light. It’s expensive for a contractor and electrician to come back after the fact to revise the lighting strategy and patch the walls/ceiling. This happened to an interior designer early in my career, and it wasn’t a fun situation. For me, it was the beginning of a great collaboration with this design professional, because we worked on many projects after that – but of course it would have been better if this interior designer hadn’t made that mistake to begin with.
Likewise, you also don’t want to be too bright, and overspend on lighting, just because you’re unsure what is needed and just hoping for the best (yikes!).
This is fundamentally why I created lighting estimators – to balance making sure there’s enough light, while also making sure a client isn’t paying for too many lights. Hopefully using the calculator was straightforward. Reach out with questions (before buying/building anything), if you’d like help! Good luck on your project!
The author emphasizes the necessity of conducting lighting calculations to ensure effective lighting design in various spaces. He cites the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and the International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) for their established footcandle targets that help determine appropriate lighting levels. Duncan also mentions the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Department of Energy’s publicly available footcandle targets, which he uses for residential projects. He shares a personal anecdote about the complications that arise from inadequate lighting, stressing the importance of precise calculations to avoid costly adjustments and excessive spending. The lighting estimator featured on his webpage is designed to assist clients in achieving optimal lighting without overspending.
Winter depression, also known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), affects millions of individuals, particularly in regions with prolonged periods of limited sunlight. As mental health becomes an increasingly critical concern, the intersection of architecture and health is gaining recognition. This blog explores how thoughtful architectural design can serve as a powerful tool in promoting well-being for those suffering from winter depression.
The Thesis Question
At the heart of this exploration lies a pivotal question: “How can architecture be viewed as a tool to promote health?” This inquiry serves as the foundation for an architectural response embodied in the design of a specialized Treatment Facility aimed at addressing the needs of winter depression patients.
Architectural Response: The Treatment Facility
The proposed Treatment Center represents a dynamic architectural solution that adapts to the unique needs of its users. This facility integrates various treatment modalities—light therapy, thermal therapy, and exercise—into a cohesive environment. By emphasizing natural light and flexible spaces, the design fosters an atmosphere conducive to healing and recovery.
Significant Research Findings
Research into winter depression has often overlooked the critical role of the built environment. This thesis highlights the necessity of integrating architectural considerations into future health research. The findings indicate that architecture can significantly influence patient experiences and outcomes, underscoring the need for innovative design in spaces dedicated to mental health.
Design Guidelines for Treatment Spaces
To effectively combat winter depression, the following design guidelines are essential:
Orientation: Spaces should provide eastern views to maximize morning light exposure, essential for effective light therapy.
View: Patients must have a significant view of the sky, enhancing the quantity of light reaching their eyes and promoting successful therapy.
Location: Upper-floor locations with overhead glazing are ideal, as side windows alone may not deliver sufficient light.
Flexibility & Activity: Integrating everyday activities with treatment enhances therapeutic outcomes. Spaces should allow for exercise and relaxation alongside light therapy.
Light Intensity: While 10,000 lux is optimal for light therapy, a more realistic goal of 5,000 lux can be achieved with careful design, requiring longer therapy sessions.
Visual Problem: Attention to contrast and glare is crucial in designing effective light therapy environments. Natural light is preferable to minimize glare compared to artificial lighting.
Material: High transparency in materials allows for maximum natural light utilization, vital for patient wellness.
Change Over Time: Architectural designs must accommodate varying light needs throughout the day and adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Conclusion
The architectural solution proposed in this thesis illuminates the significant potential for design to address winter depression effectively. By fostering a deeper understanding of the relationship between architecture and health, we can begin to reimagine spaces that not only serve functional purposes but also promote mental well-being. The future of architectural design in health care is ripe for exploration, and this call to action encourages architects, designers, and researchers to collaborate in developing innovative solutions that enhance the human experience within the built environment.
Works Cited
1
Bernheim, Anthony. “Good Air Good Health” in Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40.
Buxton, Orfeu M., Lee, Calvin W., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Mireille. “Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2003.
4
Capitol Hill Station – Transit Oriented Development Seattle Zoning Maps. Web. 18 July 2010.
5
Eastman, Charmane, Young, Michael A., Fogg, Louis F., Liu, Liwen, Meaden, Patricia M. “Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo Controlled Trial.” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 883.
6
Graw, Peter. “Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 165.
7
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40, 49, 306.
8
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, Scotland Inc., 2008. 85.
9
Howland, Robert. “An Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Treatment Options.” The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2009. 110-111.
10
Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 80-84.
11
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith. “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 85.
12
Lam, Raymond, et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry, 2006, 809-811.
13
Lavoie, Marie-Pier, et al. “Evidence of a Biological Effect of Light Therapy on the Retina of Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Biol Psychiatry, 2009. 257.
14
Leppamaki, S., et al. “Bright Light Therapy Combined with Physical Exercise Improves Mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002. 142-143.
15
Lewy, A., et al. “The circadian basis of winter depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 7414.
16
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
17
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
18
Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 44. 46.
19
Michalek, Erin, et al. “A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder.” Psychiatry Research, 2007. 318.
20
Miller, Alan. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2005. 5-11.
21
Modell, J., et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Its Prevention by Anticipatory Treatment with Bupropion XL.” Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 658.
22
Online Handle Esoteric Trash. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April.
23
Online Handle Siren 1971. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April. Link
24
Partonen, Timo. “Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression.” Annals of Medicine, 2007. 236.
25
Roecklein, K., et al. “A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 280.
26
Rohan, K., et al. “Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2004. 40, 89-90.
27
Rose, Jonathan F. P. “Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 299.
28
Seattle Zoning Maps. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Web. 18 July 2010.
29
Schettler, Ted. “From Medicine to Ecological Health” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 68.
30
Sher, L. “The role of genetic factors in the etiology of seasonality and seasonal affective disorder: an evolutionary approach.” Medical Hypotheses, 2000. 54, 90, 91, 94.
31
Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 1663-1664.
32
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 89.
33
Van Bommel. “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work.” Applied Ergonomics, 2006. 462-463.
34
Van Someren, E. J. W. “More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities.” Chronobiology International, 2000, 337.
35
Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
36
Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
37
Webb, Ann R. “Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light.” Energy & Buildings, 2006. 723.
In recent years, the role of architecture in promoting health has garnered increasing attention, particularly concerning mental health issues such as winter depression. The Treatment Center serves as a groundbreaking case study in this field, exploring the essential question: “How can architecture be viewed as a tool to promote health for people who suffer from winter depression?”
Design Solution Overview
The design of the Treatment Center is a dynamic response to this inquiry, integrating various program activities tailored to user interactions. This architectural solution illustrates how built environments can adapt to enhance patient experiences, focusing on health and well-being.
Interaction with the Environment
Situated adjacent to Cal Anderson Park, the Treatment Center is strategically designed to allow patients to benefit from outdoor spaces. On fair weather days, patients can engage with the park, harnessing the healing properties of natural light and landscape. However, recognizing the prevalent weather patterns during winter months, the design ensures a protective environment that invites patients to seek refuge indoors, promoting their overall health.
The Treatment Center’s exterior exhibits dramatic changes in response to climatic conditions. It remains closed during the night to preserve interior light, while on overcast days, shading devices may be withheld to maximize daylight intake. Conversely, clear days prompt the deployment of shading options and the opening of sliding doors for natural ventilation, demonstrating the architecture’s adaptability.
Key Spaces within the Treatment Center
Living Room Area
The Living Room serves as a welcoming space infused with natural light, encouraging community interaction. It offers patients a place to relax, enjoy refreshments, and engage in light therapy. This design prioritizes patient comfort, avoiding bright electric lighting to accommodate undiagnosed individuals who may be unaware of the specific timing required for effective light therapy.
Exercise Areas
The exercise facilities are intentionally designed with views of the park to optimize natural light exposure, enhancing the overall workout experience. The evolving geometry of these spaces provides a dynamic treatment environment, allowing patients to witness the seasonal and daily changes in their surroundings.
Thermal Therapy Spaces
Thermal therapy presents a unique opportunity for patients to combine relaxation with light therapy. With options like hot tubs and saunas, patients can benefit from improved circadian rhythms while being surrounded by nature. This aspect of the design aims to motivate patients to transition into more active exercise programs over time.
Dynamic Architectural Response
The Treatment Center exemplifies how architecture can evolve to meet the needs of its users. By adjusting to environmental changes, the design creates a rich therapeutic experience that deepens patients’ connections to both the building and the natural world.
Summary and Key Findings
This case study illustrates that architectural responses to winter depression are not only feasible but essential. The integration of various treatment activities fosters a unique relationship between patients and their built environment. By prioritizing patient health, the Treatment Center embodies an innovative approach to architectural design.
Conclusion
The Treatment Center represents a pivotal exploration of architecture as a health-promoting tool. As we continue to investigate the intersection of design and mental well-being, it becomes increasingly clear that thoughtful architectural solutions can significantly impact patient health outcomes. Future research and practice should focus on expanding these insights to further enhance the role of architecture in promoting mental health.
Figure/Image Credits
Figure Number
Image Name
Description
8.1-1
Treatment Center Access
The treatment center is easily accessible from Cal Anderson Park, allowing patients to engage in exercise and sporting activities while providing changing and shower facilities. The unique architecture piques public curiosity about the center’s mission.
8.1-2
Perspectives of Key Program Areas
Diagram illustrating the five key areas of the Treatment Center, highlighting spaces devoted to light therapy, thermal therapy, exercise, and a living room area.
8.1-3
Site Plan (left)
The Site Plan shows the building’s long and narrow shape running north-south, emphasizing transparency to the park to take advantage of morning sunlight and views.
Works Cited
1
Bernheim, Anthony. “Good Air Good Health” in Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40.
Buxton, Orfeu M., Lee, Calvin W., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Mireille. “Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2003.
4
Capitol Hill Station – Transit Oriented Development Seattle Zoning Maps. Web. 18 July 2010.
5
Eastman, Charmane, Young, Michael A., Fogg, Louis F., Liu, Liwen, Meaden, Patricia M. “Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo Controlled Trial.” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 883.
6
Graw, Peter. “Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 165.
7
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40, 49, 306.
8
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, Scotland Inc., 2008. 85.
9
Howland, Robert. “An Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Treatment Options.” The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2009. 110-111.
10
Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 80-84.
11
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith. “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 85.
12
Lam, Raymond, et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry, 2006, 809-811.
13
Lavoie, Marie-Pier, et al. “Evidence of a Biological Effect of Light Therapy on the Retina of Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Biol Psychiatry, 2009. 257.
14
Leppamaki, S., et al. “Bright Light Therapy Combined with Physical Exercise Improves Mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002. 142-143.
15
Lewy, A., et al. “The circadian basis of winter depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 7414.
16
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
17
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
18
Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 44. 46.
19
Michalek, Erin, et al. “A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder.” Psychiatry Research, 2007. 318.
20
Miller, Alan. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2005. 5-11.
21
Modell, J., et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Its Prevention by Anticipatory Treatment with Bupropion XL.” Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 658.
22
Online Handle Esoteric Trash. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April.
23
Online Handle Siren 1971. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April. Link
24
Partonen, Timo. “Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression.” Annals of Medicine, 2007. 236.
25
Roecklein, K., et al. “A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 280.
26
Rohan, K., et al. “Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2004. 40, 89-90.
27
Rose, Jonathan F. P. “Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 299.
28
Seattle Zoning Maps. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Web. 18 July 2010.
29
Schettler, Ted. “From Medicine to Ecological Health” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 68.
30
Sher, L. “The role of genetic factors in the etiology of seasonality and seasonal affective disorder: an evolutionary approach.” Medical Hypotheses, 2000. 54, 90, 91, 94.
31
Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 1663-1664.
32
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 89.
33
Van Bommel. “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work.” Applied Ergonomics, 2006. 462-463.
34
Van Someren, E. J. W. “More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities.” Chronobiology International, 2000, 337.
35
Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
36
Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
37
Webb, Ann R. “Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light.” Energy & Buildings, 2006. 723.
In the realm of healthcare architecture, the integration of light therapy has emerged as a critical consideration in the design of treatment centers. This post delves into the innovative approach of designing a single structural bay, which facilitates a comprehensive examination of various design issues and ultimately optimizes patient health outcomes.
1. The Importance of a Single Bay Design
Focusing on a single bay allows architects to analyze intricate design variables in isolation. This approach leads to a deeper understanding of how different architectural elements interact with each other, especially in relation to light therapy. By employing a systematic iterative design process, we can ensure that solutions are not only practical but also enhance the therapeutic experience for patients.
2. Development Process: Key Design Variables
2.1 Daylight Optimization
Natural light plays a pivotal role in effective light therapy. Research indicates that optimal illuminance levels range between 5,000 and 10,000 Lux. To achieve these levels, architects must consider various factors, including view, geometry, and materials. For instance, a well-designed bay that maximizes overhead glazing can significantly enhance the amount of light reaching the patient’s eyes.
2.2 Structure and Geometry
The structural arrangement is crucial for optimizing daylight exposure. By positioning trusses to maintain an eastern view, we can ensure that patients receive maximum sunlight, particularly in therapeutic contexts. This thoughtful consideration of geometry not only supports light therapy but also contributes to the overall aesthetic appeal of the treatment center.
2.3 Shade Control and Diffusion
Effective shade control is essential to managing light levels within therapeutic spaces. The design must accommodate varying climatic conditions, ensuring that patients receive adequate light while minimizing discomfort. Testing various shading options through simulations allows designers to create flexible environments adaptable to seasonal changes.
2.4 Electric Light Supplementation
In cases where natural light is insufficient, electric lighting must supplement daylight. This requires careful planning and positioning of luminaires to maintain an effective light therapy environment. A well-implemented lighting strategy can enhance user comfort while providing necessary therapeutic illumination.
3. Evaluating User Comfort
Evaluating user comfort is paramount in designing treatment spaces. By assessing both illuminance and luminance contrast, designers can create environments that not only meet therapeutic standards but also promote overall well-being. Analyzing different climatic scenarios ensures that designs remain effective year-round.
4. Summary of Findings and Conclusions
The development of a single bay design has proven invaluable for the treatment center’s overall architecture. By leveraging advanced tools like Radiance software, we can compare different design schemes and prioritize patient health. Key trends indicate that while achieving the highest illuminance levels through electric lighting poses challenges, integrating natural light is both feasible and beneficial.
Conclusion
The architectural design of treatment centers must prioritize patient health through the innovative integration of light therapy. By focusing on single structural bays, architects can create environments that enhance therapeutic efficacy and overall patient experience. As we move forward, it is essential that designers continue to explore these innovative strategies to foster health and healing within our built environments.
Image/Figure Credits
Figure/Image
Credit
Description
Figure 7.1-1: Refined Design Solution
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Illustration of the design solution for a single structural bay that integrates light therapy.
Figure 7.1-2: Illuminance Grid at Eye Level
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
A grid showing illuminance (lux) levels at eye level during various activities, such as treadmill use.
Figure 7.1-3: Testing Optimal Overhead Geometry
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Various overhead geometries and materials tested for optimal light exposure to the eye.
Figure 7.1-4: Testing Optimal East Facade Geometry
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Comparison of different east facade geometries to determine the best design for light therapy.
Figure 7.1-5: Single Story Space
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Design layout for a single-story space with an east view and double sawtooth geometry.
Figure 7.1-6: Double Height Space
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Design layout for a double-height space with an east view and south-facing sawtooth geometry.
Figure 7.1-7: Overall Building Massing
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Visualization of the overall massing of the Treatment Center based on the two bay designs.
Figure 7.1-8: Structure
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Diagram of the truss system supporting the sawtooth geometry.
Figure 7.1-9: Structural Layout Ensures View of Sky
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Layout ensuring structural members do not block the patient’s view of the sky for maximum daylight.
Figure 7.1-10: Shade Control & Diffusion
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Illustration of shade fabric use to diffuse direct sunlight and control light exposure.
Figure 7.1-11: Shade Control Up Close
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Close-up of roller shades designed for optimal light control in varying climatic conditions.
Figure 7.1-12: Electric Light Supplement
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Diagram showing the use of electric lighting as a supplement on overcast days to meet light therapy needs.
Figure 7.1-13: Electric Supplement Up Close
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Detailed view of electric lights suspended from trusses, directing light towards patients.
Figure 7.1-14: Mitigating Heat Gain
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Design proposal showing sliding doors for natural ventilation to manage heat gain.
Figure 7.1-15: Overcast Day, View of Sky
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Structural layout ensuring light from the sky reaches the patient even on overcast days.
Figure 7.1-16: Partly Cloudy Day
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Depiction of shading deployment during a partly cloudy day to manage light exposure.
Figure 7.1-17: Sunny Summer Day
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Illustration of shading fully deployed on a sunny day, with open doors for natural ventilation.
Figure 7.1-18: Night, Early Morning
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Diagram showing electric lighting working in tandem with shade fabric during early morning hours.
Figure 7.3-1: Process for Determining User Comfort
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Flowchart illustrating the process used to determine visual contrast in the design.
Figure 7.3-2: December Overcast
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Analysis of illuminance and contrast values during an overcast day in December.
Figure 7.3-3: December Clear
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Analysis of light levels and comfort during a clear December day, noting electric light reliance.
Figure 7.3-4: March Overcast
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Overview of lighting conditions and patient comfort during an overcast day in March.
Figure 7.3-5: March Clear
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Evaluation of light exposure and comfort levels on a clear March day.
Figure 7.3-6: June Overcast
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Analysis indicating light levels and comfort during a typically overcast June day.
Figure 7.3-7: June Clear
Source: Author’s Design Analysis
Summary of light conditions and shading requirements on a clear June day, noting electric light usage.
Selecting an appropriate site for a treatment center dedicated to addressing winter depression is a critical aspect of architectural and environmental design. This chapter examines the criteria utilized to select the site for the proposed center, located in a parking lot immediately west of Cal Anderson Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle. Through a comprehensive analysis, we illustrate how this specific location optimally supports the therapeutic needs of patients dealing with winter depression.
6.1 Site Criteria: Winter Depression Treatment Center
The site criteria presented here serve as a benchmark for evaluating the suitability of potential locations for the treatment center. These criteria were developed based on the design parameters established in earlier chapters and align closely with the program requirements discussed previously. The evaluation process involved analyzing various sites in the Seattle area to ensure they met the outlined criteria.
Key site criteria include:
Access to Daylight: The site must ensure adequate exposure to natural light, a vital component in treating winter depression.
Proximity to “At-Risk” Populations: Locations should be easily accessible to populations most affected by winter depression.
Transportation Options: Sites should promote active transportation methods such as walking and biking, discouraging reliance on cars.
Exercise Opportunities: Proximity to parks and recreational facilities encourages physical activity, another effective treatment for winter depression.
Natural Landscapes: The presence of natural elements—such as parks, bodies of water, and diverse plant life—contributes positively to patient health.
In analyzing various locations, the selected site effectively addresses each of these criteria and can anticipate future access to daylight, even with potential developments in the area.
6.2 Site Selection
The chosen site, a portion of a parking lot west of Cal Anderson Park, meets the established site criteria comprehensively. This section provides a detailed examination of how this site supports the therapeutic goals of the treatment center.
Transportation and Patient Health
Transportation to the center should be viewed as an integral component of patient health. Encouraging modes of transport that promote physical activity—such as walking, biking, and using mass transit—aligns with therapeutic practices that combat winter depression. By discouraging car use, patients can spend more time outdoors, engaging with their environment and benefiting from exposure to daylight.
Exercise Opportunities
The site’s proximity to outdoor exercise facilities, including the Bobby Morris Playfield and Cal Anderson Park, enhances the treatment options available to patients. Additionally, the nearby Seattle Central Community College offers indoor swimming and exercise options. Access to diverse exercise opportunities is crucial, as individual patients may respond more positively to different types of physical activities. This variety increases the likelihood that each patient will find an engaging exercise routine that complements their treatment.
Varied Landscape Features
The existing landscape features of Cal Anderson Park significantly contribute to patient health. Interaction with natural environments—water, wildlife, and plant life—can enhance mental well-being. While the center’s design will incorporate natural elements, leveraging the park’s existing amenities will further enrich the therapeutic experience for patients.
6.3 Site Analysis Summary
The following key points summarize the findings of the site analysis:
Site Criteria: A comprehensive list of site criteria was employed to evaluate the suitability of potential locations. These criteria focus on access to at-risk populations, mass transportation options, exercise opportunities, natural landscapes, and daylight exposure during key treatment times.
Optimal Location: The treatment center’s location west of Cal Anderson Park meets all established site criteria, ensuring a supportive environment for patient care.
Future Considerations: The selected site anticipates ongoing access to daylight, even with potential future developments. This foresight is crucial for maintaining the therapeutic effectiveness of the center.
In conclusion, appropriate site selection is vital for the success of the treatment center dedicated to winter depression. Subsequent chapters will detail how the design of the center responds to this specific site and capitalizes on the unique amenities of the Capitol Hill neighborhood. Through thoughtful architectural planning, we can create an environment that not only treats but also empowers individuals on their recovery journey.
Works Cited
1
Bernheim, Anthony. “Good Air Good Health” in Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40.
Buxton, Orfeu M., Lee, Calvin W., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Mireille. “Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2003.
4
Capitol Hill Station – Transit Oriented Development Seattle Zoning Maps. Web. 18 July 2010.
5
Eastman, Charmane, Young, Michael A., Fogg, Louis F., Liu, Liwen, Meaden, Patricia M. “Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo Controlled Trial.” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 883.
6
Graw, Peter. “Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 165.
7
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40, 49, 306.
8
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, Scotland Inc., 2008. 85.
9
Howland, Robert. “An Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Treatment Options.” The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2009. 110-111.
10
Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 80-84.
11
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith. “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 85.
12
Lam, Raymond, et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry, 2006, 809-811.
13
Lavoie, Marie-Pier, et al. “Evidence of a Biological Effect of Light Therapy on the Retina of Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Biol Psychiatry, 2009. 257.
14
Leppamaki, S., et al. “Bright Light Therapy Combined with Physical Exercise Improves Mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002. 142-143.
15
Lewy, A., et al. “The circadian basis of winter depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 7414.
16
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
17
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
18
Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 44. 46.
19
Michalek, Erin, et al. “A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder.” Psychiatry Research, 2007. 318.
20
Miller, Alan. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2005. 5-11.
21
Modell, J., et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Its Prevention by Anticipatory Treatment with Bupropion XL.” Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 658.
22
Online Handle Esoteric Trash. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April.
23
Online Handle Siren 1971. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April. Link
24
Partonen, Timo. “Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression.” Annals of Medicine, 2007. 236.
25
Roecklein, K., et al. “A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 280.
26
Rohan, K., et al. “Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2004. 40, 89-90.
27
Rose, Jonathan F. P. “Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 299.
28
Seattle Zoning Maps. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Web. 18 July 2010.
29
Schettler, Ted. “From Medicine to Ecological Health” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 68.
30
Sher, L. “The role of genetic factors in the etiology of seasonality and seasonal affective disorder: an evolutionary approach.” Medical Hypotheses, 2000. 54, 90, 91, 94.
31
Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 1663-1664.
32
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 89.
33
Van Bommel. “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work.” Applied Ergonomics, 2006. 462-463.
34
Van Someren, E. J. W. “More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities.” Chronobiology International, 2000, 337.
35
Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
36
Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
37
Webb, Ann R. “Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light.” Energy & Buildings, 2006. 723.
As the prevalence of winter depression rises, creating environments conducive to treatment and prevention is critical. This blog explores the essential design criteria for architects in developing therapeutic programs for winter depression treatment centers. By leveraging these criteria, architects can facilitate effective treatment and enhance patient well-being.
5.1 Using Design Criteria to Develop the Program
The design criteria outlined in Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis serve as a foundation for developing the program spaces within the treatment center. The emphasis on light therapy, exercise, and thermal therapy—such as sauna and hot tub use—demonstrates a holistic approach to combating winter depression. These program spaces not only facilitate treatment but also promote an environment that fosters healing and recovery.
5.2 Program at a Glance
The primary spaces within the center can be categorized into three main groups:
Research and Diagnostics: Continuous research and patient health analysis are paramount for understanding winter depression.
Treatment Areas: Dedicated spaces for therapies, including light exposure, physical exercise, and thermal treatments.
Public Space & Restaurant: These areas encourage both patients and the general public to engage with natural elements and benefit from daylit environments.
This integration of spaces aims to create a supportive community atmosphere, enhancing overall treatment efficacy.
5.3 Specific Program Requirements
The environmental qualities of each program space are influenced by circadian stimuli, which inform how the center operates over a 24-hour cycle. Key considerations include:
Temperature: The facility will maintain temperatures between 50°F and 80°F, with specific areas adjusted for staff comfort.
Light Spectrum and Intensity: Treatment areas will mimic the natural light spectrum from sunrise to sunset, with specific attention given to light exposure between 6 pm and 8 pm when blue light is avoided for Phase Delayed patients.
Understanding these patterns allows the center to promote a therapeutic environment, effectively triggering biological responses at the appropriate times.
5.4 Programming Summary
In summary, the development of this treatment program is rooted in medical evidence, guiding the design criteria that shape the facility. The key areas of focus include:
Treatment Areas: Concentrating on light therapy, exercise, and thermal treatments.
Diagnostics and Research: Ensuring ongoing evaluation of treatment efficacy.
Public Spaces: Fostering community interaction and awareness of the center’s purpose.
Through this comprehensive programming, the treatment center will continuously adapt, ensuring that environmental factors align with patient needs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the integration of thoughtful design criteria is essential for architects working on treatment centers for winter depression. By prioritizing environmental qualities and patient needs, architects can create spaces that not only treat but also empower individuals in their recovery journey. It is vital for architects to consider these criteria in future designs to enhance the therapeutic potential of built environments.
Works Cited
1
Bernheim, Anthony. “Good Air Good Health” in Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40.
Buxton, Orfeu M., Lee, Calvin W., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Mireille. “Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2003.
4
Capitol Hill Station – Transit Oriented Development Seattle Zoning Maps. Web. 18 July 2010.
5
Eastman, Charmane, Young, Michael A., Fogg, Louis F., Liu, Liwen, Meaden, Patricia M. “Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo Controlled Trial.” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 883.
6
Graw, Peter. “Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 165.
7
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40, 49, 306.
8
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, Scotland Inc., 2008. 85.
9
Howland, Robert. “An Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Treatment Options.” The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2009. 110-111.
10
Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 80-84.
11
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith. “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 85.
12
Lam, Raymond, et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry, 2006, 809-811.
13
Lavoie, Marie-Pier, et al. “Evidence of a Biological Effect of Light Therapy on the Retina of Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Biol Psychiatry, 2009. 257.
14
Leppamaki, S., et al. “Bright Light Therapy Combined with Physical Exercise Improves Mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002. 142-143.
15
Lewy, A., et al. “The circadian basis of winter depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 7414.
16
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
17
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
18
Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 44. 46.
19
Michalek, Erin, et al. “A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder.” Psychiatry Research, 2007. 318.
20
Miller, Alan. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2005. 5-11.
21
Modell, J., et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Its Prevention by Anticipatory Treatment with Bupropion XL.” Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 658.
22
Online Handle Esoteric Trash. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April.
23
Online Handle Siren 1971. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April. Link
24
Partonen, Timo. “Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression.” Annals of Medicine, 2007. 236.
25
Roecklein, K., et al. “A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 280.
26
Rohan, K., et al. “Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2004. 40, 89-90.
27
Rose, Jonathan F. P. “Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 299.
28
Seattle Zoning Maps. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Web. 18 July 2010.
29
Schettler, Ted. “From Medicine to Ecological Health” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 68.
30
Sher, L. “The role of genetic factors in the etiology of seasonality and seasonal affective disorder: an evolutionary approach.” Medical Hypotheses, 2000. 54, 90, 91, 94.
31
Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 1663-1664.
32
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 89.
33
Van Bommel. “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work.” Applied Ergonomics, 2006. 462-463.
34
Van Someren, E. J. W. “More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities.” Chronobiology International, 2000, 337.
35
Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
36
Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
37
Webb, Ann R. “Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light.” Energy & Buildings, 2006. 723.
The impact of light on human health has garnered significant attention in recent years, particularly concerning Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and other mood-related conditions. Light therapy, which involves exposure to bright light to alleviate depressive symptoms, is a prevalent intervention for individuals affected by winter depression. The ongoing debate between the efficacy of electric light sources versus natural sunlight raises important questions about optimal therapeutic approaches. This post aims to compare these two modalities, drawing on case studies that highlight user comfort and environmental factors affecting light therapy outcomes.
1. Theoretical Framework
Natural light is crucial to human well-being, influencing circadian rhythms, mood regulation, and overall health. Richard Hobday asserts that enhancing exposure to sunshine can be an effective solution for winter depression, suggesting that harnessing natural light is preferable to artificial alternatives.^1 This section will delve into the physiological and psychological benefits of natural light, juxtaposed against the limitations of electric light therapy. Research indicates that natural light provides not only the necessary illuminance levels but also fosters a more pleasant visual environment, thereby promoting adherence to therapy.
2. Methodology
To evaluate the effectiveness of light therapy, this analysis utilizes a case study approach, examining both electric and natural light solutions across diverse environments. The criteria for evaluation are twofold: illuminance, the quantity of light entering the eye, and luminance, the intensity of light reflected off surfaces in the visual field. High Dynamic Range (HDR) photography is employed as a methodological tool, allowing for a nuanced comparison of light quality in each setting. By capturing a comprehensive view of the lighting conditions, this approach facilitates a robust analysis of user comfort and therapy efficacy.
3. Case Study Analysis
3.1. HDR Photography and Analysis
The application of HDR photography allows for an in-depth examination of light therapy environments. This analysis focuses on three architectural scenes alongside an electric light therapy case study. By measuring illuminance levels and assessing luminance through a human visual perspective, we can compare the successes and shortcomings of each case study. Initial findings indicate significant differences in user comfort and therapeutic effectiveness based on lighting conditions.
3.2. Case Study: Light Box at the University of Washington Counseling Center
The light box serves as a well-established method for delivering therapeutic light. This case study evaluates its performance in treating winter depression at the University of Washington Counseling Center. Observations reveal that while the light box achieves recommended illuminance levels (ranging from 3,713 lux to 10,979 lux), the stark contrast between the light source and the surrounding environment creates discomfort. Users positioned directly in front of the light box experience significant eye strain due to excessive luminance contrast. In contrast, opening window shades reduces this contrast and enhances overall comfort, suggesting that integrating natural light can improve therapeutic outcomes.
3.3. Case Study: Seattle Library Downtown Branch
The Seattle Library serves as an exemplary case study for assessing light delivery in a highly glazed urban setting. Despite overcast weather conditions, the library’s design enables a relatively uniform distribution of light indoors. Evaluations reveal that directing one’s view upward increases the quantity of light entering the eye, making this space conducive for light therapy, especially during physical activities like exercise. However, the presence of surrounding high-rise buildings poses challenges, as they can obstruct views of the sky, thereby limiting the effectiveness of natural light therapy.
3.4. Case Study: Intramural Activities Building, University of Washington
This case study explores the integration of natural light in an exercise environment. The Intramural Activities Building employs extensive glazing, allowing for substantial natural light penetration. Illuminance levels measured (7,147 lux) fall short of the light box’s maximum, yet user comfort significantly improves when utilizing natural light. Participants can engage in a variety of activities while benefiting from therapeutic light exposure, highlighting the importance of architectural design in facilitating effective light therapy.
3.5. Case Study: Gould Hall South Deck
The Gould Hall South Deck presents an opportunity to evaluate the potential of outdoor environments for light therapy. This study assesses illuminance levels at various times throughout the day, revealing that even in less-than-ideal conditions, natural light can achieve therapeutic levels. It underscores the importance of architectural features, such as overhangs, in optimizing natural light exposure while mitigating the effects of harsh environmental conditions.
4. Overall Conclusions and Architectural Implications
The comparative analysis reveals that while electric light therapy can achieve necessary illuminance levels, the comfort and practicality of natural light solutions offer distinct advantages. Natural light not only meets the therapeutic requirements but also accommodates a wider range of activities, enhancing user engagement. The findings suggest that architectural design should prioritize access to natural light, especially in urban environments where high-rise structures may impede light availability. Moreover, achieving a balance in luminance within therapeutic spaces is crucial to ensuring user comfort and compliance.
5. Discussion
The implications of this analysis extend to future research and practice in light therapy. Understanding user interactions with light sources can inform architectural design strategies that enhance therapeutic effectiveness. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, healthcare professionals, and researchers is essential to developing environments that optimize mental health interventions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the integration of natural light in therapeutic settings presents a compelling case for improving light therapy outcomes. As research continues to evolve, it is vital for architects and health professionals to prioritize user comfort and environmental factors in their designs. The insights gleaned from these case studies pave the way for more effective and engaging light therapy solutions, ultimately fostering better mental health for those affected by winter depression.
Footnotes
Leppamaki, S. et al. “Bright-light exposure combined with physical exercise elevates mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002, 143.
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, 2008, 85.
Boubekri, Mohammed. Daylighting, Architecture, and Health. Architectural Press, 2008, 102.
Lam, Raymond et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 2006, 809.
Reinhard, Erik. “Photographic Tone Reproduction for Digital Images”, 8.
In the previous blog post, we explored the relationship between a specific health condition—winter depression—and the built environment. This chapter expands upon that foundation to investigate the broader relationship between architecture and health. It provides a framework for understanding how design decisions can influence a person’s overall health and wellness. The following sections will highlight key areas where architecture and design have been shown to affect health outcomes.
3.1 Environmental Health
Health can be perceived in various ways: some view it as merely the absence of disease, while others consider it a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Environmental health offers a comprehensive approach, examining how natural, social, and built environments interact to affect human health. It has been well established that the built environment significantly influences our well-being. The EPA estimates that Americans spend 89% of their day indoors, underscoring the necessity for architects, engineers, and design professionals to understand the health implications of their design choices.
3.2 Biophilia
The biophilia hypothesis posits that humans possess an innate desire to connect with nature, as we evolved in natural settings. Jonathan F. P. Rose asserts that this connection is crucial for our survival. Research by Kellert and Heerwagen reinforces this, indicating that our well-being is adapted to a natural environment. Contact with natural stimuli—such as light, sound, and vegetation—has beneficial health effects. For facilities designed to prevent and treat SAD, incorporating elements like large trees, water features, and diverse landscaping may enhance therapeutic outcomes for patients.
3.3 Views
Extensive research demonstrates the positive health benefits of views, particularly those of nature. Studies indicate that a view of nature can significantly improve brain activity, reduce blood pressure, and lower muscle tension within minutes. Furthermore, patients with postoperative views of nature required fewer pain medications compared to those facing brick walls. Therefore, prioritizing views of nature in architectural design, especially in healthcare settings, is vital for promoting health and recovery.
3.4 Sick Building Syndrome & Ventilation
Indoor air quality is a critical factor influencing health. Research shows that indoor air can be two to five times more polluted than outdoor air, leading to conditions like Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Symptoms can include fatigue, headaches, and skin irritation. Effective natural ventilation has been shown to alleviate SBS symptoms by allowing occupants to control their air quality. The principle of “first do no harm” applies not only in medicine but also in architecture. Designers should strive to create spaces that not only avoid causing illness but actively promote health.
3.5 Daylight
Daylight is essential for health, particularly in combating winter depression. UV-B radiation from sunlight enables the body to produce Vitamin D, crucial for preventing various health issues. Despite its importance, 95% of UV-B radiation is filtered out by glass, emphasizing the need for outdoor exposure to reap its full benefits. Moreover, daylight influences circadian rhythms, and the variability in natural light throughout the day and seasons is difficult to replicate artificially. Thus, healthcare designers should prioritize maximizing natural light in their facilities while using artificial light to supplement as needed.
3.6 Architecture & Health Summary
This chapter establishes that the built environment profoundly impacts health and wellness. Contact with natural environments can improve various health conditions, while even views of nature offer notable benefits. Good indoor air quality and adequate ventilation are essential to prevent health issues, and the positive effects of daylight on mood regulation and Vitamin D production cannot be overlooked. These insights can be applied across a range of healthcare settings, contributing to the design criteria established in the previous chapter.
Given that Americans spend approximately 90% of their lives indoors, a comprehensive approach to health must consider how our built environment affects long-term wellness. The responsibility for this understanding lies not only with medical professionals but also with architects, engineers, and planners.
Supplementary Design Criteria Footnotes
1
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophelic Design” in Biophelic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. 85.
2
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophelic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophelic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. 90-94.
3
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophelic Design” in Biophelic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. 85.
4,5
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. 306.
Bernheim, Anthony. “Good Air Good Health” in Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40.
Buxton, Orfeu M., Lee, Calvin W., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Mireille. “Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2003.
4
Capitol Hill Station – Transit Oriented Development Seattle Zoning Maps. Web. 18 July 2010.
5
Eastman, Charmane, Young, Michael A., Fogg, Louis F., Liu, Liwen, Meaden, Patricia M. “Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo Controlled Trial.” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 883.
6
Graw, Peter. “Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 165.
7
Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 40, 49, 306.
8
Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health, Architecture and the Sun. Findhorn Press, Scotland Inc., 2008. 85.
9
Howland, Robert. “An Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder and its Treatment Options.” The Physician and Sports Medicine, 2009. 110-111.
10
Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 80-84.
11
Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith. “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 85.
12
Lam, Raymond, et al. “The Can-SAD Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Light Therapy and Fluoxetine in Patients With Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Am J Psychiatry, 2006, 809-811.
13
Lavoie, Marie-Pier, et al. “Evidence of a Biological Effect of Light Therapy on the Retina of Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Biol Psychiatry, 2009. 257.
14
Leppamaki, S., et al. “Bright Light Therapy Combined with Physical Exercise Improves Mood.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002. 142-143.
15
Lewy, A., et al. “The circadian basis of winter depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 7414.
16
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
17
Lewy, A., et al. “Winter depression: Integrating Mood, Circadian Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake and Light/Dark Cycles into a Bio-Psycho-Social-Environmental Model.” Sleep Med Clin, 2009. 285-294.
18
Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999. 44. 46.
19
Michalek, Erin, et al. “A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder.” Psychiatry Research, 2007. 318.
20
Miller, Alan. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2005. 5-11.
21
Modell, J., et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Its Prevention by Anticipatory Treatment with Bupropion XL.” Biol Psychiatry, 2005. 658.
22
Online Handle Esoteric Trash. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April.
23
Online Handle Siren 1971. “I have Seasonal Affective Disorder” support group. Web. 15 April. Link
24
Partonen, Timo. “Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression.” Annals of Medicine, 2007. 236.
25
Roecklein, K., et al. “A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009. 280.
26
Rohan, K., et al. “Cognitive and Psychophysiological Correlates of Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2004. 40, 89-90.
27
Rose, Jonathan F. P. “Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 299.
28
Seattle Zoning Maps. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Web. 18 July 2010.
29
Schettler, Ted. “From Medicine to Ecological Health” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Stephen R. & Heerwagen, Judith H. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 68.
30
Sher, L. “The role of genetic factors in the etiology of seasonality and seasonal affective disorder: an evolutionary approach.” Medical Hypotheses, 2000. 54, 90, 91, 94.
31
Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 1663-1664.
32
Ulrich, Roger. “Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design” in Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 89.
33
Van Bommel. “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work.” Applied Ergonomics, 2006. 462-463.
34
Van Someren, E. J. W. “More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities.” Chronobiology International, 2000, 337.
35
Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
36
Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
37
Webb, Ann R. “Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light.” Energy & Buildings, 2006. 723.
