Introduction
The interplay between architecture and health has been recognized since antiquity. Vitruvius, the eminent Roman architect, emphasized the importance of understanding medicine, particularly concerning environmental factors such as climate, air quality, and water sources, which directly influence the health of occupants. As he noted in The Ten Books on Architecture, “The architect should … have a knowledge of the study of medicine on account of the questions of climates air, the healthiness and unhealthiness of sites, and the use of different waters. For without these considerations, the healthiness of a dwelling cannot be assured.”¹ This foundational principle prompts a critical inquiry into how architecture can serve not only as shelter but also as a determinant of health.
Background
Historically, the relationship between architecture and health was transparent, with design decisions reflecting a deep understanding of their health impacts. However, in contemporary society, this link appears to have diminished, as architecture and medicine are often viewed as distinct and unrelated fields. This separation is concerning, especially as research increasingly highlights the built environment’s significant effects on physical and mental well-being.
As we examine the modern context, it becomes evident that architecture has the potential to both exacerbate and alleviate health issues. This thesis aims to illuminate the intricate relationship between architecture and health, focusing specifically on winter depression, also known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Winter Depression: An Architectural Case Study
Winter depression manifests as mood swings, low energy, and depressive symptoms during the winter months, primarily due to decreased exposure to natural light.² In the United States, approximately five percent of the population experiences symptoms associated with winter depression, with severity peaking during the winter and spring months when daylight is scarce.³
In regions like Seattle, where overcast skies are common, the absence of natural light exacerbates these symptoms. Many workers spend their days in environments that provide insufficient light for their biological needs, leading to heightened risks of winter depression. This disconnect between architectural design and the natural environment necessitates a reevaluation of how we design spaces to promote mental health.
Traditional Treatment Approaches
The predominant treatment for winter depression involves light therapy, where patients are exposed to bright artificial light to stimulate mood regulation. While effective, this approach requires patients to remain near the light source, which may not be practical for many individuals. Consequently, there is a growing need for architectural solutions that integrate health-promoting features directly into built environments.
An Architectural Solution
This thesis proposes a paradigm shift in addressing winter depression through thoughtful architectural design rather than relying solely on conventional therapies. By creating a
Treatment Center for Winter Depression, the design prioritizes access to natural light and incorporates spaces that encourage well-being, such as areas for exercise and social interaction.
The goal is to merge the principles of architecture with insights from medicine, suggesting that thoughtfully designed environments can mitigate the effects of winter depression. The Treatment Center allows individuals to engage in daily activities while ensuring ample exposure to natural light, addressing both convenience and health.
Methods of Inquiry and Execution
To transition from traditional treatment methods to an architectural solution, a systematic approach is required:
- Examine Medical Evidence: Identify the causes of winter depression (light availability, lack of exercise, irregular circadian rhythms) and explore the relationship between health and architecture broadly.
- Develop Design Criteria: Create a set of design principles informed by medical research that guides architectural decisions.
- Programming: Determine activities that enhance treatment while maintaining user convenience and accommodating varying symptom severities.
- Site Selection: Choose locations that maximize access to natural light, exercise resources, and transportation.
- Design Solution: Utilize an iterative design process, employing simulation software to optimize light access and spatial arrangements.
This approach allows for flexibility and adaptability, acknowledging the complexities of both architectural design and mental health.
Conclusion
This exploration highlights the urgent need to reconcile the fields of architecture and medicine. By focusing on a specific condition like winter depression, this thesis underscores the potential of architecture to promote health and wellness. It calls for a return to an evidence-based design philosophy that prioritizes human experience, ultimately arguing that architecture should “first do no harm.”⁴
In conclusion, as we continue to investigate the intersection of architecture and health, it becomes increasingly clear that the built environment can and should serve as a catalyst for improving overall well-being. This inquiry not only contributes to the existing body of evidence but also sets a precedent for future designs that prioritize health as a fundamental aspect of architecture.
Footnotes
- Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture.
- Sullivan, Brianna & Tabitha W. Payne. “Affective Disorders and Cognitive Failures: A Comparison of Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression.” Am J Psychiatry, 2007, 1663.
- Ibid.
- Kasof, Joseph. “Cultural Variation in Seasonal Depression: Cross-national Differences in Winter Versus Summer Patterns of Seasonal Affective Disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009, 84.
- Mersch, Peter, et al. “Seasonal Affective Disorder and Latitude: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999, 44.
- Westrin, Asa & Lam, Raymond. “Long Term and Preventative Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder.” CNS Drugs, 905.
- Van Den Berg & Wagennar, Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1.
- Guenther, Robin and Vittori, Gail. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008, 49.
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| 34 | Van Den Berg & Wagennar. Healing by Architecture, 2005, 1. |
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